An AED draws microamps for years, then high current for seconds to charge a capacitor to 150-200 J. Paper A dissects this standby-and-surge profile under IEC 60601-2-4.
Paper C sets out the essential-performance test matrix across breath modes and corners, IEC 62133-1 cell safety, UN 38.3 transport and the aging programme behind a multi-year service life.
Paper B compares NiMH and Li-ion for life-support blower loads, fixes the bus-voltage architecture, works a worst-case energy calculation, and specifies high-rate welded pack construction.
Modern ICU and transport ventilators are turbine-driven, and blower current follows every breath. Paper A explains the breath-locked load and its link to ISO 80601-2-12 essential performance.
Paper C maps the evidence trail: IEC 60601-1/-2-27/-1-8, IEC 62133-1 cell safety, UN 38.3 transport, the configuration-by-temperature runtime matrix and NiMH aging for fleet replacement.
Paper B compares NiMH with lithium-ion for bedside and transport monitors, fixes the voltage rail, works a derated capacity calculation, and specifies matched-cell, welded pack construction.
ECG and SpO2 run continuously while the NIBP pump imposes periodic current surges. Paper A decomposes the patient-monitor load and anchors a minimum-runtime budget to IEC 60601-2-27 and published datasheets.
The medical battery evidence stack: IEC 60601-1 and 60601-2-24 runtime validation, IEC 62133-1 nickel cell safety, UN 38.3 transport, aging curves and field failure modes.
